The geography presents two well differentiated regions: plains in the east and mountains to the west. The plains constitute the western extremity of the Great Chaco. The mountains are dominated to the north by the mountains subandinas, while a wide recumbent fringe to the west belongs to the mountains pampeanas. The mountainous cords are separated by valleys.

The Calchaquíes Summits are the main feature of the landscape, they are located in the southern sector of the Puna and the mountain of the Aconquija, to which belong the biggest elevations in the province, as the Snowy of theCandado, of 5.450 meters and the hill of the Bolsón, of 5.550 meters high.

The most important river in the province is theSali, this has its beginning in theprovince of Salta, but it increases its flow with the contribution of numerous tributaries as the Medina that is born in the mountains subandinas, the Vipos, theAngostura, theSeco, the Chico and the Marapa. Most of all the streams and rivers of the province are tributary of the Sali, except the river Santa María which is born in Catamarca and it travels up to Salta crossing the western sector of Tucumán.