According to the last census of 1991 the total population is of 671.998, corresponding to the 2% of the total of the population from the Argentina. Composed by the same percentage of women and males. The descent in the natality and the fecundity, together with the migrations, explain the fall of the demographic growth of the province. The index of illiteracy is of 8,6%, overcoming the average of the countrywhich is 3,7% thoroughly. The population is integrated by diverse racial goups. The main ones are from Spain and Italy, although in almost equivalent proportion there are those of the Middle East: Syrian and Lebanese. The predominant religion is the Catholic Apostolic and Roman Church, through which the indigenous element and Hispanic entered so much in contact with the music, like in their histories and legends. The Syrian-Lebanese groups in their native land belonged to the branch of Christian maronites, they escaped from the Muslim pursuit of the Ottoman empire and they settled down in these lands. Great part of this group turned to Catholicism.

At the beginnings of the Spanish conquest the towns of the area were invaded with the purpose of civilizing them and christening them. For this purpose, the Jesuits missionaries learned the Quechua language that is still spoken in theprovince. The Council of Trento established and decided that four indigenous languages could be used: the natuhual, the Quechua , the Guarani and the aymara. To the region of Tucumán, it corresponded the Quechua one. In areas like Santiago del Estero, to the group of local indigenous languages, two foreign languages were superimposed: the Spanish and the Quechua one. With the course of the years, these two languages have been joined to the such point that at the present time can be a language Quechua-santiagueña, the only region of the national territory where the language of the Inca still remains alive.

As regard literature the first predominant gender in America, were the chronicles. The oldest work dates of 1548, it was written in Peru by Don Pedro González del Prado. This chronicle described some aspects of the area of Santiago del Estero which had not been founded by the Spaniards yet. As for the poetic gender the main writer was Mateo Rojo de Oquendo in 1585, author of the poem " Fátima ", a series of satires and sonnets. During these centuries, literature was not productive in great measure, the main concerns were the scientific and epistolar genres. From the XIX century, the poetry and the brief narrative begin to be more relevant. In poetry Amancio Alcorta stands out, and in narrative, Pablo Lascano, with its novel Juallo. At the beginning of the century, the great exponent was Ricardo Rojas (1892-1957), with its work the man's Victory and other Songs." Toward 1925 there is a very important movement called " The Ember", headed by Bernardo Canal Feijoo and followed by outstanding authors of the literature santiagueña like Blanca Irurzun, Clementina Quenel, Manuel Gómez Carrillo, Orestes Lullo and others.

A very relevant name was that of Homero Manzi, author of tango letters and poetries, as " South ". In the field of the literary investigation Domingo Bravo stands out, celebrated in America for his studies of the Quechua language and editor of the first bilingual dictionary of that language. Another very important writer was Horacio Rava, one of his more outstanding works is "Recovered Love." Jorge Washington Avalos is another well known name, with his novel of manners Shunko and Dalmiro Coronel Lugones. In the last decades a literary group, the foundation " jardinalia ", joins artists like Alfonso Nasif, Felipe Rojo, Dante Fiorentino and Soledad Lombardi.